第三代代孕Test tube knowledge

做代妈给多少钱_中国可以用代母吗_智商可预测,未来试管婴儿将可选择“最聪

发布时间:2023-07-10  浏览量:514

[代母真实价格]

孕妇上火严重,嗓子发炎怎么办?

其实,所谓的“上火”是个笼统的说法,听着是方便,但在我们给用户分析原因时却造成了极大困惑。况且,在现代医学上不存在什么上火理论,上火只是个现象,并不是什么医学理论,好比中国人叫感冒。其实,感冒只是个现象,不是什么医学理论,感冒真正的医学名词叫急性鼻炎。

那么,人们口中经常说的“上火”是咋回事呢?其实,这都是各种原因导致的人体器官粘膜刺激炎症损伤。要知道,我们的口腔黏膜、胃粘膜、肠粘膜、支气管粘膜……这些器官表面都有一层粘膜的,这些粘膜一旦由于炎症受到损伤就会给人一种火辣辣的“上火”感觉:

比如,吃辣椒对黏膜造成损伤出现上火;

做代妈给多少钱_中国可以用代母吗_智商可预测,未来试管婴儿将可选择“最聪

比如,大便干硬对粘膜造成损伤出现上火;

比如,感冒病毒细菌鼻粘膜造成炎症出现上火;

比如,细菌感染咽喉红肿造成炎症出现上火;

比如,橘子含有大量的橘皮甙、柠檬酸、苹果酸、枸橼酸等营养物质,这些酸对粘膜有刺激的,粘膜不健康的人吃就会引发炎症,出现上火。

上火就是各种原因导致的粘膜刺激炎症损伤

总之,上火就是各种原因导致的粘膜刺激炎症损伤。那些非常容易上火的孩子,就是上呼吸道病毒感染炎症引发了粘膜损伤,一直没有得到真正痊愈,这类的情况特别多,他们的炎症只是被免疫系统暂时压制了。然后,他们就会经受不住异物刺激,哪怕很小的刺激也会让他们感觉火辣辣的不舒服。

为什么有的孩子吃奶粉会上火?其实,这也是由于器官粘膜损伤了。我们知道,一般母乳中蛋白质含量只有1%,鲜奶蛋白质含量达3.3%,而配方奶粉蛋白质含量则是高达18-25%,这么高的蛋白质含量在人体代谢会产生氨氮强酸代谢物质。如果这孩子机体对蛋白质消化分解能力正常,那么产生氨氮强酸代谢物质少,也就很容易被肝脏处理掉。如果这孩子机体对蛋白质消化分解能力较差,产生氨氮强酸代谢物质多,一旦超出肝脏的处理能力,过剩的氨氮强酸代谢物质就会刺激腐蚀粘膜细胞,产生所谓的“上火”现象。

为什么有的孩子吃奶粉会上火?其实,这也是由于器官粘膜损伤了

正是由于导致上火的原因多种多样,所以你会发现有时金银花能清火,有时金银花又无效。因为金银花只对细菌感染的粘膜炎症,但对便秘导致的上火,对蛋白质吸收不好导致的上火,对辣椒刺激导致的上火,统统无效。

现在,问题来了:有个孕妇上火严重,嗓子发炎,怎么办呢?其实,就是这个孕妇最近受寒感冒了。受寒状态下,人体血液循环变慢30%,免疫细胞活性下降30%,容易感染病毒引起发热头痛,这种症状的感冒称为风寒感冒。

当然,如果合并细菌感染,就会引起鼻涕黄色、咽喉肿痛、热辣的感觉,这种症状称为风热感冒。所谓风热感冒一般是指受寒感冒后伴有炎症,合并细菌感染症状的,比如咽喉肿痛,黄痰。咽喉肿痛引起火辣辣的痛,给人感觉就是上火了,这个上火就是局部炎症的结果。

孕妇体质比较特殊,即便喉咙发炎疼痛,也不能和平时一样随便吃药治疗

由于孕妇体质比较特殊,即便喉咙发炎疼痛,也不能和平时一样随便吃药治疗。可是,孕妇上火喉咙痛怎么办?

第一、贴土豆片

上菜市场买回新鲜土豆洗净切片,然后贴在咽喉部位,再用胶布固定。要是土豆片掉了、移位或者干了,应该及时补贴新鲜的。一般5分钟换一片,连续半小时。土豆含有胆碱烷衍生物茄碱,能促进局部的血液循环,咽喉部的血液循环加强了,这意味着有更多的免疫细胞能通过血液循环赶赴战场,杀灭病毒。

第二、浓盐水漱口

用热水泡一杯浓盐水,然后等水温下降成温水时,就开始漱口腔、咽喉大概20秒然后吐掉,每隔10分钟重复漱口一次,连续10次即可。由于浓盐水的高渗作用,可以起到杀菌或者抑制细菌生长的作用,还能减轻局部组织水肿。

孕妇在这种情况下,切记不要去用西瓜霜或者凉茶清火,这样反而不好

第三、多吃水果或者榨汁喝

可以早晚各吃一个苹果配合紫薯榨汁喝,绿豆熬水喝,多吃猕猴桃。由于这些水果富含VC,可以参与免疫球蛋白的合成,促进干扰素的产生,干扰病毒mRNA的转录,抑制病毒的增生。

最后,孕妇在这种情况下,切记不要去用西瓜霜或者凉茶清火,这样反而不好,会收缩粘膜血管引起免疫细胞运输受阻。另外,孕妇喉咙痛时,一定要避免吃辛辣的食物,太油腻的食物也要少吃,务要多喝水,多喝汤,才能有助于咽痛症状的缓解。

如果有一天,你可以选择生育一个小“爱因斯坦”,也可以生育一个智商普通的孩子,你会做出什么样的选择?据科学家预计,未来10年内,人类将可以使用试管婴儿技术选择“最聪明”的胚胎。

Genetics research, conceptual artwork. CHINA DAILY

Couples undergoing IVF treatment could be given the option to pick the “smartest” embryo within the next 10 years, a leading US scientist has predicted.

据美国一名权威科学家预计,未来10年之内,做试管婴儿的夫妇将能够选择“最聪明”的胚胎。

IVF:in vitro fertilization 体外受精联合胚胎移植技术,又称“试管婴儿”

Stephen Hsu, senior vice president for research at Michigan State University, said scientific advances mean it will soon be feasible to reliably rank embryos according to potential IQ, posing profound ethical questions for society about whether or not the technology should be adopted.

美国密歇根州立大学主管科研的副校长徐道辉(斯蒂芬·徐)说,科学进步意味着人类不久就能够对胚胎的潜在智商给出可靠的评分,这项技术是否应该使用将是一个深刻的社会伦理问题。

Hsu’s company, Genomic Prediction, already offers a test aimed at screening out embryos with abnormally low IQ to couples being treated at fertility clinics in the US.

徐道辉的基因组预测公司已经为在美国不孕不育诊所接受治疗的夫妇提供了一项检测服务,旨在筛查出智商异常低的胚胎。

“Accurate IQ predictors will be possible, if not the next five years, the next 10 years certainly,” Hsu told the Guardian. “I predict certain countries will adopt them.”

徐道辉对《卫报》记者说:“准确的智商预测是可能的,即使不是未来5年内,那么在未来10年内也肯定可以。我预计一些国家会采纳这项技术。”

做代妈如何防骗

The prospect of a new generation of genetically selected babies has prompted concerns about unintended medical consequences and the potential for deepening existing social inequalities. The science underpinning the claim that intelligence can be meaningfully predicted by genetic tests is also contentious.

新一代基因选择婴儿的前景引发了人们对于意外医疗后果和现有社会不平等可能加剧的担忧。基因检测能够有效预测智商的科学技术也引发了争议。

contentious [kn'tens]:adj.有异议的,引起争论的

Peter Donnelly, a professor of statistical science at the University of Oxford, said any such IQ predictions should be treated with “huge caution”, adding: “I have grave misgivings about it on ethical grounds. I think it’s a really bad idea.”

牛津大学统计学教授彼得·唐纳利说,应该“十分谨慎”地对待此类智商预测。他说:“出于伦理原因,我对此非常担忧。我认为这是一个非常糟糕的想法。”

Since the 1990s, couples undergoing IVF have been able to screen their embryos for mutations in single genes that cause serious diseases such as cystic fibrosis, as well as conditions like Down’s syndrome, caused by chromosome abnormalities.

自上世纪90年代以来,接受试管受精的夫妇已经能够对他们的胚胎进行筛选,以发现单个基因的突变,这些突变会导致严重的疾病,比如囊性纤维化,以及染色体异常导致的唐氏综合征等。

chromosome ['krmsm]:n.染色体

Many other traits, including height, physical appearance, intelligence and disease susceptibility, are known to be partly heritable. But because the genetic component is spread thinly over hundreds or even thousands of DNA regions, it has previously been impossible to screen for these traits.

许多其他特征,包括身高、外貌、智力和疾病易感性,都被认为是部分遗传的。但由于遗传组分稀疏地分散在数百甚至数千个DNA区域,以前不可能对这些特征进行筛选。

In the past decade, as vast genetic databases have been established, this picture has changed. Through analyzing many genes, each making a tiny contribution, it has been possible to calculate what are called polygenic risk scores, which give a person’s likelihood of getting a particular disease or having a certain trait.

在过去的十年里,随着大量基因数据库的建立,这种情况已经发生了改变。通过分析大量基因,每个基因都做出了微小的贡献,就有可能计算出所谓的多基因风险评分,即一个人患某种特定疾病或具有某种特征的可能性。

polygenic[,pli'denik]:adj.多基因的

Genomic Prediction is the first company to take embryo screening into this grey area of risk forecasting, offering to alert couples if an embryo has an “outlier” score for risk of cancers, diabetes, heart disease, dwarfism or low IQ.

基因组预测公司是第一家将胚胎筛查纳入风险预测这一灰色地带的公司。如果胚胎在癌症、糖尿病、心脏病、侏儒症或智商低下等风险方面的评分“异常”,它就会提醒做筛查的夫妇。

outlier ['atla]:n.(统计)异常值

Medical staff put clothes on the newborn test-tube baby at a hospital in Xi'an, Northwest China's Shaanxi province. [Photo/Xinhua]

Prediction for IQ is not good enough to give a reliable ranking, but Hsu said that knowing an embryo has a low score could still be desirable.

智商预测目前还不足以给出可靠的评分,但徐道辉表示,如果一个胚胎的智商评分较低,人们可能还是很想知道。

“Maybe the bottom 1% embryo will grow up to be a great person … even be a scientist, but the odds are against it,” he said. “I honestly feel if we can calculate that score and find a real negative outlier there’s an ethical responsibility for us to report that.”

徐道辉说:“也许评分最低的1%的胚胎长大后会成为一个优秀的人……甚至成为一名科学家,但这种可能性很小。我真的觉得,如果我们能计算出这个评分,发现它低得十分异常,那么我们就有道德责任予以告知。”

The company projects that once high-quality genetic and academic achievement data from a million individuals becomes available, expected to be within five to 10 years, it will be able to predict IQ to within about 10 points.

该公司预计,在5至10年内,一旦100万人的高质量基因和学术成就数据可用,它将能够预测智商,误差在10分以内。

招聘试管婴儿代妈

Hsu is reticent about whether screening for high intelligence would be ethically justified, saying: “Let me just decline to answer that at the moment.”

徐道辉不愿评论高智商筛查是否符合伦理标准,说“目前我拒绝回答这个问题”。

reticent ['rets()nt]:adj.沉默的;有保留的

In some countries, such as Singapore, there is likely to be a high level of public acceptance and demand for such tests, he suggested. “I think the overwhelming majority would say yes, absolutely, parents should be allowed to do that,” he said. “Before you write your piece, you might just want to think that a billion people on the other side of the world might have a different view.”

徐道辉说,在一些国家,比如新加坡,公众对此类检测的接受度和需求可能会很高。他说:“我认为绝大多数人肯定会赞成允许父母这样做。在你写这篇报道之前,也许应该想想地球另外一端的10亿人可能有不同的看法。”

Whether such tests will become available in the UK would depend on approval from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

这种检测方法能否在英国实施将取决于英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局的批准。

“If the HFEA decides that it’s not right for the UK, I will respect that,” Hsu said, but predicted that “rich people from the UK will fly to Singapore” if they are unable to get the tests locally.

他说:“如果英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局认为这对英国不合适,我会尊重这个决定。”但他预测,如果英国富人无法在当地进行这项检测,“他们会飞到新加坡去做的。”

Some in the UK take the view that prospective parents have a right to access such tests. “I don’t think people should be deprived of that knowledge,” said Prof Simon Fishel, the founder of Care Fertility.

在英国,一些人认为未来的父母有权进行此类检测。生育关怀组织的创始人西蒙费舍尔教授说:“我认为不应该剥夺人们的这种知情权。”

Fishel questioned whether there is any ethical difference between picking an embryo ranked highest for IQ or sending a child to a private school. “What’s wrong with ranking an embryo if you can rank a child?” he said. “I think there are plenty of people who’d choose embryo Oxford [rather] than embryo A-level failure.”

费舍尔质疑挑选智商最高的胚胎和送孩子去私立学校之间是否存在伦理上的差异。“如果你能给孩子评分,那给胚胎评分又有什么错呢?”他说。“我认为有很多人会选择未来能考取牛津的胚胎而不是无法通过英国中学高级水平考试的胚胎。”

In practice, though, couples often have only a few embryos to choose from. And there are concerns about unintended consequences. For instance, there is some evidence linking higher polygenic scores for academic ability to higher likelihood of autism.

但实际上,夫妇们通常只有几个胚胎可供选择。此外,人们还担心会出现意想不到的后果。例如,有证据表明,学术能力的多基因得分越高,患自闭症的可能性就越大。

The technology is controversial, but that does not mean it will not gain acceptance in the future, Hsu said, drawing parallels with the reaction to IVF in its early days.

徐道辉说,这项技术存在争议,但这并不意味着它在未来不会被接受,这与早期人们对体外受精的反应类似。

“The IVF pioneers … were called monsters, Frankenstein doctors; it was predicted that these babies would have health problems,” he said. “I am actually reassured by that. IVF is completely normalized now. Everyone who is pointing their finger at [Genomic Prediction] now should go back and read those articles.”

他说:“试管婴儿的先驱被称为怪物,弗兰肯斯坦医生。当时人们预测这些婴儿会有健康问题。实际上,我对此很放心。试管受精现在已经完全正常化。现在,所有指责(基因组预测)的人都应该回去读读那些文章。”

来源:卫报、参考消息网

翻译编辑:yaning

来源:中国日报网

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